sharpdrain tile line. Variety of styles and finishes to fit any bathroom. sharpdrain tile line

 
 Variety of styles and finishes to fit any bathroomsharpdrain tile line  All of these canShower drains are split into two main categories: linear and point drains

Frame and Grate or Panel / Tile Insert Date : 11/2019 Scale : 1:2 @A3 100% WATERPROOF EASY INSTALLATION TO CLEAN UNDERFLOOR HEATING 10 YEAR WARRANTY CONCRETE FLOOR WOODEN FLOOR 197 76 145 10 296 145 Frame to hold Grate / Panel / Tile Insert 138 Grate / Tile Insert Title : SDSD. The condensate line can become blocked with fungi, algae, and debris. LUXE 2" Rubber Seal/Gasket for No Hub. The Pourflex Sqaure has four large horizontal flanges to securely bond your screed/poured floor with grooves to provide extra strength to the installation. Reduces material and labor associated with drain tile installation. Most homeowners spend between $718 and $5,889 on this project. ( 10) 60 x 36 bathtub. So unit was returned. Within a few years, Unidrain became one of the world’s leading floor drain manufacturers and began expanding its portfolio. 0189BS SDSD. com; Products. Low profile (72mm) linear drain with a 50mm water seal. Structural Length (A) Visual Length (B) Drain Depth (C) Drain Width (D) Kit Order Ref 600 633 600 72 86 SDTP. The pros will bore the line open for you, treat the roots with poison, replace the old pipe or reline the old pipe. The bottom line: dig-and-replace pipe repairs are well-suited for shallow Orangeburg pipelines, or for pipe replacements in which bursting or other non-invasive techniques could prove problematic. Studies by the Department of Agriculture at Ohio State University found that the radar could find clay and plastic tiles at a depth of 3 feet in a variety of soil types. 0 Watch out for steep-to-flat grade changes and overloading mains. List: $310. New Perks: Fault Line: Seismic Impact’s cooldown is lowered by 6 seconds. It was very crude and consisted of 4-inch diameter red clay pipe that was 12 to 14-inches long. Low profile (72mm) linear drain with a 50mm water seal. 40 AED 103. 18and Tile Insert Bronze Panel and Tile Insert Product Brushed Panel and Tile Insert Code STDP. Our Wall models come with a special mounting kit for easy application against the wall. Custom shower drain lengths available from 10 in. Factory fitted membrane for added waterproof protection. The Tile Insert Frame allows the drain to truly disappear into the shower floor. e. SharpDrain ® | 360 Model No. Velocity ft/sec Sand & sandy loam 3. Shop Unidrain 700 Model Sharpdrain Tile Line and other Wet Room Drains from Unidrain | BathroomsByDesign. Stone type varies, but 3 ⁄ 4 ″ washed (clean) grav­el pro­motes the best water flow. Interior Drain Tile System Cost. After pouring the gravel as in Step 6 above, cover the top layer by spreading coarse sand over it. 2. This item: Designline 36 in. 7% greater than) that calculated for a tile. 0076 - SharpDrain Square. 1000NI - Code: SDTP. 0600BS STDP. $39. 2m OSLO 445mm 440mm 500mm Profile View 1200mm Plan View 1200mm 1200mm. For a simple swale, use a rake to smooth and contour the berm and ditch, creating gentle, rounded curves over the top of the berm and across the. Castle 60'' x 30'' Alcove/Tile In Air Acrylic Bathtub. Kit Includes The Tile Line is ideal for wet rooms with shallow floors. 201-3 Soil Texture Velocity (ft/s. • Drain for use with built-up tile or marble shower bases. Modern Trenchless Solutions:. What is the Tile Drain style? Make the drain disappear. You won't find this type of drain tile in residential settings, just on agricultural land. This slope, according to the TCNA Handbook is called “sloped fill” or commonly known as the pre-slope. You then glue a downward-facing 4-inch street elbow to the sanitary tee, which acts as an overflow to prevent water from backing up into. Low profile (72mm) linear drain with a 50mm water seal. Image Credit: Retrofitting California. The tile size is 13"x26". Acculevel recommends interior basement drainage, because it is significantly less expensive, faster to do. An interior drain tile system prevents moisture from building up in the soil under and around the foundation. 63 per foot. Allow the solution to sit for 30 minutes. This is when the weeping tile drains into a basin or pit located inside or outside your basement. Choose from our selection of drainage tiles, including over 110 products. SharpDrain@ I Kit Includes 32 Litres Per Minute Linear Drain 11/2" Connection 50mm Water Seal Tile Base Linear Line RRP Ex VAT £ £389. I'm doing a mater bathroom with porcelanosa large tiles and a linear drain. So Boucher cuts two small pieces of Kerdi-Board. Clogged Condensate Drain Line. -Centered outlet. Even if you don’t plan to export the latitude and longitude data, these. Use this port to flush the drain with distilled vinegar. COM. This steel probing rod is for finding pipes in the ground. The SharpDrain Vinyl shower drain is available with a choice of horizontal and vertical outlets, making it a fantastic solution for a project with a low profile, even as shallow as 76mm. To constrain the mapping of tile drained areas to cropland, we ingested a cropland mask (Fig. 0 Course sand or gravel 9. Allows for curbless showers and ADA compliant showers. of concrete. CONTACT US. Stainless Steel drain that only requires 72mm depth and has a 50mm water seal. 0912NI £1,410. 605-783-6000. the issues I had with this pain are: the splashguard is thicker than 1/2 hardi-backer, making the bottom row of tile difficult to install properly. Oslo is a modular system which allows you to create a bespoke layout with a service void. Time. Grate / Tile Insert Title : SDSD. AED103. Neodrain 24-Inch Linear Shower Drain with Tile Insert Grate, Professional Brushed 304 Stainless Steel Rectangle Shower Floor Drain Manufacturer, Linear Drain with Leveling Feet, Hair Strainer. Step 2. 4 in. KERDI-SHOWER-LT/-LTS. Drainage systems are installed to lower the water table and thereby improve growing conditions. - Capacity: 9 gallons per minute. Drainage System Cost Breakdown. The 640HD Tile Line Closer is built to withstand the toughest conditions. Variety of styles and finishes to fit any bathroom. 09003 4K 0900. • Includes universal 4-1/4-in square snap-tite stainless steel strainer. In a stall shower, the plumbing code requires the floor to be sloped one quarter (1/4) of an inch per foot in order to carry the water effectively to the drain. 3 Sanding the square plaster tile master with drywall sandpaper before switching to finer grits of wet/dry sandpaper. 1500 Reviewed by Lance Crayon. 00 £1433. 186. 00 (1). Browse our collection of exquisite Wet Room Drains in Wetrooms. Drain tile installation costs are mostly labor-based, with most going toward digging the trench and/or breaking up and removing concrete. 09004 SharpDrain ® | Tile Insert & Panel Tile Insert Finish Model No. +. $1,879. There will be a minimum of one foot of separation between the tile line and the pipeline whether the pipeline passes over or under the tile line. Painting tile floor and grout is a big job, so ensure the right tools and supplies before starting. All of our Brushed Stainless Steel Coloured wet room drain covers are PVD coated – a. A field drainage tile installation costs around $700 to $2,000 per acre, depending on the drainage tiles' spacing and the size of the mains used. Four or six, 28 inch notched blades guide dirt over trench and work well in variable soil types and conditions. Product Details. 3. Shop Unidrain 700 Model Sharpdrain Tile Line and other Wet Room Drains from Unidrain | BathroomsByDesignSharpDrain® | Linear Tile Insert Shallow linear drain which is perfect for wetrooms that have minimal floor depth. Waterproofing a basement. A selection of elegant and high-quality linear drains brought to you by SharpDrain. "P” trap connections with slip joints or ground joint connections, or stack cleanouts that are not more than one pipe diameter smaller than the drain served, shall be permitted. 00 SL. 6''x 6'', Outlet diameter 2''. Soil Texture Max. The new law increases that amount to $24,000 and allows payment of repair assessments in 10 semiannual installments rather than four. $74. French drains are essential for protecting building foundations from water damage. 57. Arabesque Marble Mosaic Tile. The primary function of a shower drain is to evacuate water from the shower receptor. Schluter Systems Kerdi-Line Channel Body Shower Drain 24" (KL1V60E60) 4. Structural Length (A) Visual Length (B) Drain Depth (C) Drain Width (D) Kit Order Ref 700 813 700 90 164 SDPF. 1200 1500 1580 1500 92 150. 0915BL SL. Let the area dry the area for the minimum of what the moldicide recommends, which is usually at least 24 hours, before applying new caulk. SharpDrain ® | Square Tile Insert Finish Centre Drain Preformed Slope Waterproofing kit Size A B Minimum Size Board Thickness Drain Model Square Grate Kit Order Ref HighLine Custom Kit Order Ref HighLine Panel Kit Order Ref HighLine Cassette Kit Order Ref 900 x 900 600 x 600 19 300 4K0900. Perfect for wet rooms that have a shallow floor depth. Then use a polymer modified (multipurpose) or latex modified thin-set that is recommended for swimming pools to adhere the tile to the membrane. Laying of the tile should begin at the lower end of the line and progress up-grade. We stand by our work and have over 500, 000 sat­is­fied cus­tomers to our name. Stainless steel linear drain 4. If drain tile is on interior side of footing, then channel provided through footing to exterior side. 0076BZ 197 76 145. 0900 1000 1033 1000 72 86 SDTP. With a line drain on one end of the shower, using larger tiles becomes easier because all tiles slope in one direction on a single plane. Low profile (72mm) linear drain with a 50mm water seal. Soils that tend to hold water longer, flat land that can't shed water, and fields that have spots prone to saturation. Lay the pipe with drainage holes facing downward. 1st step in installing herringbone tile is to determine which way you want your tile to run. Both straight down and diagonally. 00 €1 ,434. After you have gone over your tile runs the dirt will settle back over time making your fields smoother. Arthur, ND 58006. 6. Structural Length (A) Visual Length (B) Drain Depth (C) Frame & Grate Kit Order Ref Steel Panel Kit Order Ref Black Panel Kit Order Ref Brass Panel Kit Order Ref Nickel Panel Kit Order Ref Bronze Panel Kit Order Ref 189 197 145 x 145 230 SDSD. 0800 900 1013 900 90 164 SDPF. 0 Watch out for steep-to-flat grade changes and overloading mains. Possibly to avoid more controversy, the daughter-in-law began to construct new tiling to drain her property. For steep drops, a 45% slope is best. by ANDREW. 0915BS SL. 0800 900 933 900 72 86 SDTP. DELIVERY NOT INCLUDED IN PRICE PLEASE CONTACT US MAIN SEAT - 1. Tile Line allows you to glue a tile into the drain with no visible metal. Contractor grade 1/2 in. Water tight gasket seal 3. $1,443. from the house to the septic tank and from the tank to the leach field. Drain tile offers optimum protection as it directs water away from your home via an underground piping system. TDB 5 Features. - Center Drain: Requires traditional 4-way floor pitch. 0189SS SDSD. Screw the connector to the drain and make sure it is tight. Cover the drain tile with 12 inches of clean, coarse gravel. 1200 330mm Factory Fitted Membrane Model No. A spring loaded valve was usually screwed into the front hole of the skimmer, on the pool side. Relief drainage is a term used to describe the method that tile drains lower the water table in a perched fashion with the water table lowest below the tile line and highest directly inbetween tile lines. Take a look at and download: SharpDrain Linear Wetroom Drain Installation. Use low sheen paint when painting the floor, as this will not show up well in photographs or videos. Repeat this process until you’ve tied every stake. Ongoing maintenance of fields and waterways with tile systems should include visual observations for animal burrows, tile blow - outs or sink holes. For a sewer line video inspection and other Roto-Rooter sewer line services, contact the Roto-Rooter location in your area at 1-800-GET-ROTO. High-quality linear drains brought to you by SharpDrain. Most of those never had drain tile or any foundation waterproofing. The type and manufacturer of the drain system you are installing will determine how close the drain body can be placed to the wall and how the. Home. It is 5 ft. The Cobra 00112BL Drain Cleaning Tool is similar to the Green Gobbler Hair Grabber Drain Tool, but at 24 inches, it’s two inches longer. Add functional elegance to your shower with the Oatey Designline Square Shower Drain. The Hefty brothers go over the reasons for installing drain tile. Cushioned vinyl handle for comfort. The unique V-shaped design of this linear shower drain to allow the 24-inch rectangle floor drain rapid drainage, and prevent the ground from being soaked by stagnant water, effectively avoiding the growth of bacteria, effectively. 4. Tiling will improve water management in some fields and in some soils, but it has its limitations. The Tough, Unglazed, Slip Resistant, Natural Surfaces allow for easy cleaning and maintenance! Our Terracotta Tiles Repel Chemicals and is Fire, Fade, Dent and Warp Proof! Ideal for Outdoor Projects, Commercial. In the upstairs hallway bathroom, the beautiful shower tile already had so much texture and visual movement, so going with a gray tonal grout brings down the visual clutter that could have occured with a higher contrast grout. Attach metal brackets to corner of. Learn the basics of tile drainage and how this system adds value to your farm. We are Hard Core on custom. The liner should be run up the walls of the shower pan and corners should be folded as shown above and nailed or screwed along the top 1" of the liner to hold the liner in place. 1½" Connection 50mm Water Seal Tile Insert 330mm Factory Fitted Membrane Model No. Please select a mood board you wish to add the selected product to: Product Mood Board. Place pieces of water-permeable landscape fabric in the trench, followed by about 3 inches of coarse gravel. 4. Option to use large format tiles on the floor. Factory fitted membrane for added waterproof protection. While some homes may never have need for a drain tile system, it is a good feature to have since you. Certifications. Factory fitted membrane for added waterproof protection. Structural Length (A) Visual Length (B) Drain Depth (C) Drain Width (D) Kit Order Ref 600 633 600 72 86 SDTP. 8. 0800 900 933 900 72 86 SDTP. 2. Model Number: SN06-BM-R Menards ® SKU: 6899377. Structural Length. 00 £427. Its. Since topsoil (the uppermost layer of. If your perimeter system isn’t operating properly, you’ll end up with a wet basement or crawl. 3CLH Product Code Description RRP ex VAT SBCU12 Complete Seat Section 1. When tiles are being fitted, the pitch of the tiles (min. It’s necessary to clear the drain line every once in a while. The tiles should be laid level or 3/64” (≈1 mm) higher than the top edge of the tile frame to ensure good drainage toward the shower drain. 4. SharpDrain® Model No. Checks the capacity of drain tile on a new drainage system. Step 5. These tiles are perfect for Residential, Commercial and Industrial applications. Beyond that, there are five types of shower drains to choose from. in length (60 in. While surface water can be drained by pumping, open ditches, or both, tile drainage is often the most effective means of. Mar-flex offerings also include our ArmorSeries line of commercial products designed to waterproof many commercial applications. 0076SS SDSD. Shop Unidrain 800 Model Sharpdrain Tile Line and other Wet Room Drains from Unidrain | BathroomsByDesign Please select a mood board you wish to add the selected product to: Product Mood Board Linear Drain Factory fitted 330mm waterproofing membrane Siphon with strainer Siphon pipework connector Rail to apply tile to Grating Heightening blocks Mounting installation. Call to Order: (800) 232-4742. Watch for bubbles from the main drain in the deep end. Call for current pricing and availability. 0700 800 833 798 72 86 SDTL. For full drain length, cut the base where the center of. The Schluter®-KERDI-LINE is a low profile linear floor drain specifically designed for bonded waterproofing assemblies. 1000BL - SDTP. Here are just a few of our favorite benefits of linear drains: A flush drain and slope of the floor in one direction means reduced tripping hazards. Home drain tile refers to a drainage system around the perimeter of a home, either outside or inside. Published on January 19, 2021. Text or Call 573-823-3539. The condensate line can become blocked with fungi, algae, and debris. A perfect combination of the Offset Oval and Slotted grate styles, the Offset Slotted line of linear drains serves serious style across shower floors. In nearly all cases, pool builders install a cascade feature near the top of raised bond beam—a section of pool wall that rises at least one foot higher than the water’s surface. Learn the basics of tile drainage and how this system adds value to your farm. Response from Customer Service Show Aug 17, 2023. The frameless, tileable covering support features a square stainless steel plate with Schluter ®-KERDI laminated on the surface. SharpDrain Linear Tile Line Wet Room Drains. solid corrugated drain pipe is strong and light. Hancor. 3. 360 degree rotating outlet/fitting aid 5. $54. With a good tile map, it is relatively quick and easy to check for tile blowouts. Exterior Drain Tile. 00 £494. Figure 3. 0700 800 833 800 72 86 SDTP. Optional Drain Grate - Interchangeable flat side and tile inserted side to adapt different bathroom styles ; CUPC Certified - Dilvii black shower drain is made of US ASTM standard 304 stainless steel to against corrosion, scratches, rust and ensure long life ; Adjustable Drain Height - Easy to adjust the height of drain with the adjustable Feet. 3. The SharpDrain Square Drain. 0915SS SL. Cover the gravel with landscape fabric and spread topsoil over the trench. The design allows large dirt chunks to be broken up while moving through the machine. 0900 1000 1033 1000 72 86 SDTP. Sizes the piping needed on the acreage to be drained. PHONE: (925) 286-5252 EMAIL: [email protected] €1,481. by Spa Escapes. Next, position the cut tile in the corner. Made of sturdy welded steel construction and a cushioned vinyl handle. The steeper the grade of the installed pipe, the more water it will carry. 2m Long - Uncoated Sides €959Tile diameter (and ditch dimensions) are less critical to drainage effect than depth of drain and soil characteristics. Step 6. by Hydro Systems. 1C WM0011. Plus, we like that it has plastic barbs along the whole length of the tool instead of just along the last few inches for extra grabbing power. 0600 700 733 700 72 86 SDTP. Tile insert Stainless steel Black Brass Nickel Bronze 1. Tile Line allows you to glue a tile into the drain with no visible metal. However, it can be difficult to know exactly which wet room drain to go for. Modulo Design Z-4There are many benefits of tile drainage including yield and soil improvement. 1. KERDI-LINE Linear Drain. Structural Length (A) Visual Length (B) Drain Depth (C) Drain Width (D) Kit Order Ref 600 680 600 92 150 SD36. Steel Tile Insert Kit Order Ref Black Tile Insert Kit Order Ref Brass Tile Insert Kit Order Ref Nickel Tile Insert Kit Order Ref Bronze Tile Insert Kit Order Ref 189 197 145 x 145 230 SDSD. Exterior Handyman Work. Crary 4-disc Trench Pro. Fold the landscape fabric over the pipe and bury. 0800 900 933 900 72 86 SDTP. 1). 95. Find My Store. Two cloths are included, one to use whilst cleaning and another to give a streak-free finish. In this case, the Kerdi-Line linear drain and its foam support piece are a little shorter than the width of the shower. 5. 0800 900 933 900 72 86 SDTP. Line the trench with filter fabric or landscaping cloth if the soil is silty. Mark the Centre of the Wall. Simply change the drain height in your shower by adjusting the leveling feet. It’s necessary to clear the drain line every once in a while. But because of that, you can’t get an even flat surface if you’re laying the tiles right up against each other. com. Structural Length (A) Visual Length (B) Drain Depth (C) Drain Width (D) Kit Order Ref 700 813 700 90 164 SDPF. One of the benefits of our linear drainage systems is their flexibility and selection to choose from. • 16-In heavy-gauge steel blade with forward step. Social Distancing Drainage Mats. The KERDI-LINE grate assembly consists of a stainless steel frame that can be seamlessly adjusted to the thickness of the ceramic tile or stone covering – 1/8" to 1" (3 mm to 25 mm) for standard grate assemblies and 1/4" to 23/32" (6 mm to 18 mm) for style grate assemblies – and stainless steel grates that are placed within the frame. Once the tubing is in place, cover it with at least 3 in. 0 Course sand or gravel 9. • Price range : $4 to $20 per. The next step is to set a couple of tiles out in your pattern (and direction) and create a chalk line. • Shower floor drain made with durable ABS construction. • Drain for use with built-up tile or marble shower bases. To clean your drain tile with a sewer jetter : Put on fluid resistant work gloves and eye protection. Stainless steel linear drain 4. SharpDrain Circle Vinyl Wet Room Drain. BUY NOW. Works great as an irrigation pivot track closer too! Also available in a 6-Disc Model! Both the 4-Disc and 6-Disc models are designed to fit the following 3-point styles: Category 2 or 3. 0900 SharpBoard Order Ref Wet Room Screed Order Ref Tanking Kit Order Ref Hook Order Ref Page 56 WM226 WMVS30K. WEBANG 24 Inch Shower Linear Brushed Drain Rectangular Floor Drain with Accessories Square Hole Pattern Cover Grate Removable SUS304 Stainless. Alternately, you can use hot water and a drop of dish liquid. 0 Clay & Clay loam 7. Water gathers in a basin around your foundation, and a gravity pipe system directs the water into a sump pump. 0912NI SL. Newer technologies, such as monochrome and color infrared aerial photographs (Figure 5), can be useful in mapping tile lines. 0912BL SL. We offer a range of coloured wet room drains and wet room kits ideal for those looking to create a bold statement in their bathroom. Mix some of the native soil with an equal amount of granite chips,. Image Credit: Retrofitting California. 00 $2,505. The paper maps were also useful for determining which main or submain a particular lateral tile line flowed into, and for developing the attribute table of tile line sizes and types. top of page. Water tight gasket seal 3. PVD Coated colours Low profile (72mm) linear drain with a 50mm water seal. Hang 6-mil polyethylene sheeting from the top of. Find My Store. Underneath 50 million-plus acres across the nation are miles of tile quietly keeping fields in prime condition for growing crops. 0900 1000 1033 1000 72 86 SDTP. There isn’t a structure that’s impervious to water. It may seem like it’s extra work to get full and even coverage with the mortar, but never take shortcuts when tiling a shower. Notice in the Create Features window that the tile line feature has a yellow arrow symbol. Connect the drain cleaner to your trigger gun, start the pressure washer, and then guide the nozzle at least a foot into the drain tile opening, taking care to feed the nozzle in the direction of the clog, before you start the flow of water. Featuring sharp zen-inspired lines and a seamless molded skirt, the Sydney is a covetable design that complements a variety of modern spaces. Please select a mood board you wish to add the selected product to: Product Mood Board. 1000 1200 1280 1200 92 150 SD36. 1000BZ - SDTP. ) $128. Supplied with a high quality, flexible waterproofing membrane. • Adjustable to fit all common tile thicknesses. 0700 Sharp Collection - SharpDrain Tile Line - Standard Outlet Download DWG; alt: SDTP. 22 $2,061. 2. 8 out of 5 stars 48. 0700 800 833 800 72 86 SDTP. Inspecting drainage systems. 14. • Solid stainless steel with elegant brushed finish. Tile Inserts are available as Brushed Stainless Steel or durable PVD coated colours. With a 32l/min drainage capacity, you will find the SharpDrain Linear drains suitable for a wide variety of small – medium-sized wet rooms. washed or clean gravel and with gravel layer fully wrapped with fabric cloth. The trench needs to be flat with about 1 inch of drop for every 10 feet all the way to the drainage output area. An open-grid design lets liquid pass through beneath your feet, so puddles don’t form to cause a slipping hazard. ADA ramp and/or barrier free options are also available. A common approach is to use a high-pressure water jet to clean out drain field pipes. Make sure the tile is scored along its full length to guarantee a clean edge. Can be cut to size 7. Like many things in the modern world, we get the name “Drain Tile” from our farming ancestors. YES, you need to slope your Drain Tile. French drains are essential for protecting building foundations from water damage. - 12 gauge, 304 stainless steel tile-in top grate with PVC channel. 0900 1000 1033 1000 72 86 SDTP. Drain tile pipe is perforated pipe with openings every couple of inches and on all sides. Sewer jet products, like the Clog Hog, attach to a gas or electric power washer and then feed into the pipe to clear away any clogs or buildup. The drain tile is the white pipe next to the footer. SharpDrain is an innovative low profile linear drain (72mm) with a 50mm water seal. Transolid 60-in L x 31. Shower drains. in length (60 in. 0189BZ Model No. • All AQVA drains are UPC approved. Buy Prime-Line 0. Firmly hold the metal ruler against the pencil mark and use a tile scriber to score the pencil line several times. Step 1: Floor Tile Must Slope to the Drain. Model # 423124. Brushed Stainless Steel panel tile insert. SharpDrain ® | Tile Insert & Panel Tile Insert Finish Model No. 1000 Sharp Collection - SharpDrain Tile Insert & Panel - Standard Outlet Download Datasheet; alt: Code: SDSD. 0189BS SDSD. Installation depths vary depending on the frost line location in your climate. There are different ways to make the connection, and a common one is to glue a 4-inch sanitary tee with 4 x 2-inch bushing to the drain line and insert the 1 1/2-inch discharge pipe into the 2-inch opening. No oiling of forms required.